define in c Tutorial 2

 c preprocessor (Part 2)

 3.# undef
suppose you have something like this..

view sourceprint?

01	# define x 4

02

03	# define x 5

04

05	int main(){

06

07

int z=x;

08

09	printf("%d",x); // output 5

10

11

}

although the output is 5 you can’t trust these type of declarations.If you want to redefine the same macro then first undefine it using #undef
correct way of doing

01	# define x 8

02

03	# undef x // x is now unknown to compiler

04

05	# define x 9 // x is 9 now

06

07	int main()

08

{

09

10	int z = x;

11

12	printf("%d",z); // output 9

13

14

}

so if you have your own macros and you are in doubt that their names can conflict with the macros defined in header files then first use # undef to undefine these macros.

1	# undef conflictingname // undefining macro conflictingname in a headerfile.

2

3	# define conflictingname

4

5	int main()

6

{

7	// do some stuff here

8

}

1	# undef anyname // not an error

2	int main()

3

{

4	// do some stuff here

5

}

4.# pragma
The directive is a compiler specific directive which compiler vendors may provide .

1	# pragma GCC poison x //variable cannot be used

2

3	int main(){

4

5	/*error x is poisoned .It cannot be used anywhere in GCC compiler system.*/

6

7

int x;

8

9

}

here GCC poison is called pragmas.Remember these are  compiler dependent.
So GCC poison will not work on microsoft compilers (will not give an error).You have to read manual of the compiler.
Predefined macro

1

_LINE_

2

_FILE_

3

_TIME_

4

_DATE_

5

__STDC__

working example

01	# define _LINE_ 98 // error predefined cannot be redefined

02	int main()

03

{

04	// note this is __ not _

05	printf("%d\n",__LINE__); // will output current line number

06	printf("%s\n",__FILE__); // file name

07	printf("%s\n",__DATE__); // date of execution

08	printf("%s\n",__TIME__); // time of execution

09	printf("%d\n",__STDC__); // Whether the compiler is standard conforming (1) or not

10

}

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define in c Tutorial 1

# define a.k.a c preprocessor (Part 1)
The term can be little bit daunting but its use is very simple.It is a separate program invoked by the compiler as the first part of translation.The preprocessor can be thought as a smart editor.It Inserts,excludes,replaces text based on commands supplied by the programmer.In this case commands are made a permanent part of the source program

01	/***** All are pre processor commands *****/

02

# include

03	# define pi 3.14

04	# undef pi

05

06	/*******************************/

07	int main()

08

{

09	// do sum stuff here

10

}

for time being  do not bother what these commands do.Just see how they are used in the source program.
They are many more commands .we will see them one by one.

1) # include
The most common use of preprocessor is to include files containing declarations(header files).
#include contains declarations of all the functions used for input output.
# include will be replaced by the contents of filename.h
Ques: i have seen #include “filename.h” at many places.Is there any difference between the two?
yes there is one.
angled brackets means the preprocessor will search filename.h in standard include directory.
in my case it will be C:\Dev-Cpp\include.
if you have your file in any other location then you must specify the full path
for eg if location of file that i want to include is at “d:\folder1\filename.h” then i will write

1	# include "d:\folder1\filename.h"

That is all for #include
2. # define
This is also the most widely used command plus it is risky too.
it can be used in two ways
a) to define a constant (replacement macro)
b) to simulate a function (function like macro)
first lets see a)

01	# define x 123

02

03	# define y "hey"

04

05	int main(){

06

07	int i=x; //int  i=123

08

09	float j=x; // j is now 123.000000

10

11	x=5; // invalid x cannot be changed

12

13	printf(y); //

14

15	printf("%s",x);// undefined behavior

16

17	printf("%d",x);//valid

18

19

}

actually everywhere where x will appear it will be replaced by its corresponding replacement text

01	# define x 123;

02

03	# define y while

04

05	int main()

06

{

07

08	int i=x // valid it is equivalent to int i=123;

09

10

int a=0;

11

12	y(a<5){ //equivalent to while(a<5)

13

14

a++;

15

16

}

17

18

}

one last thing and that is very important

01	# define x 10

02

03	# define y x+1 // must be # define y (x+1)

04

05	int main()

06

{

07

08	int z =y*3; // equivalent to x+1*3 ==>10+1*3

09

10	printf("%d",z);// expected result 33 . Actual result 13 !

11

12

}

so always use parenthesis according to your precedence
lets look at b)
i.e how to simulate a function
simple protoype

1	# define macro_name(parameter_list) (token expression)

2

3	//examples//

4	# define square(x) (x*x) // there must be no space between -> macro_name and ( <-

5	# define square (x)(x*x) // it is not a function like macro.It is a replacement macro

1	# define square(x) (x*x) // 1st macro

2

3	int main(){

4

5	int area,length=5;

6

7	area = square(5); // 1st macro equivalent to area = (5*5)

8

9

}

1	#define CALL(a, b) a b // macro

2	int main(){

3

4	CALL(printf, ("%d %d %s\n",1, 24, "urgh")); // macro

5	/* results in printf ("%d %d %s\n",1, 24, "urgh"); */

6

}

you have to take care of the parenthesis. like

01	# define square_incorrect(x) (x *x) // incorrect version

02

03	# define square_correct(x) ((x) *(x)) // correct version

04

05	int main(){

06

07

int a,b;

08

09	a=square_incorrect(3+7) // equivalent expression 3+7*3+7 result in 31 expected result 100 !

10

11	b=square_correct(3+7) // result in 100

12

13

}

There is something which i wanted to tell you.suppose you have a macro like

1	# define f(x) f((x)+2)

how many times this replacement is done?
if you are replacing each time then this will go into infinite replacement
for eg
a call like this
f(2)
f((2)+2)
f(((2)+2)+2)
f((((2)+2)+2)+2)…
so these are not allowed
Note if the macro name results directly from replacement text then the replacement is not done more then one level
so the call
f(2)
f((2)+2) ->will stop here.
there is one last thing in function like macro called Stringizing
lets see what it is and how it works?
There is special treatment for places in the macro replacement text where one of the macro formal parameters is found preceded by #.the # and the token list are turned into a single string literal

01	#define MESSAGE(x) printf("Message: %s\n", #x)

02

03	int main(){

04

05	MESSAGE (how are you);

06

07	/* above is equivalent to */

08

09	printf("Message: %s\n", "how are you")

10

11	MESSAGE (how are "you");

12

13	/* above is equivalent to */

14

15	printf("Message: %s\n", "how are \"you\"") // " or \ characters within the new string literal are preceded by \

16

17

}

hope you are fine until now.Rest we will see in next section.

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Is it possible to tap cell phones?
You probably know by now that it is possible to tap land line connections. With the advancement in technology, especially with the internet, many different types of software have been created to address different challenges and issues that are faced daily. To answer your question, yes, it is possible. Here’s what you will need to do:

You need to prepare a few things before you can start tapping a cell phone.
*     You need to have a pc with a good internet connect, probably DSL or cable.
*     You need to have access to the cell phone you want to tap.
*     You will need to download a mini-application that will need to be installed on the phone you want to tap into.
The next thing you will need to do is get the phone setup so that you can start monitoring the calls. Here’s how:
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